ERC-1155 is a standard for EVM ecosystems that allows for the creation of both fungible and non-fungible assets within a single contract. The process of transferring ERC-1155 tokens into a database is fundamental, unlocking opportunities for data analysis, tracking, and the development of innovative solutions.

This guide is part of a series of tutorials on how you can stream transfer data into your datawarehouse using Mirror pipelines. Here we will be focusing on ERC-1155 Transfers, visit the following two other guides for other types of Transfers:

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What you’ll need

  1. A Goldky account and the CLI installed
  1. A basic understanding of the Mirror product
  2. A destination sink to write your data to. In this example, we will use the PostgreSQL Sink

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Introduction

In order to stream all the ERC-1155 Transfers of a chain there are two potential methods available:

  1. Use the raw_logs Direct Indexing dataset for that chain in combination with Decoding Transform Functions using the ABI of a specific ERC-1155 Contract.
  2. Use the decoded_logs Direct Indexing dataset for that chain in which the decoding process has already been done by Goldsky. This is only available for certain chains as you can check in this list.

We’ll primarily focus on the first decoding method using raw_logs and decoding functions as it’s the default and most used way of decoding; we’ll also present an example using decoded_logs and highlight the differences between the two.

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ERC-1155 Tranfers using Decoding Transform Functions

In this example, we will stream all the Transfer events of all the ERC-1155 tokens for the Scroll chain. To that end, we will dinamically fetch the ABI of the Rubyscore_Scroll token from the Scrollscan API (available here) and use it to identify all the same events for the tokens in the chain. We have decided to use the ABI of this token for this example but any other ERC-1155 compliant token would also work.

ERC-1155 combines the features of ERC-20 and ERC-721 contracts and adds a few features. Each transfer has both a token ID and a value representing the quantity being transfered for funglible tokens, the number 1 for tokens intended to represent NFTs, but how these work depends on how the contract is implemented.

ERC-1155 also introduces new event signatures for transfers: TransferSingle(address,address,address,uint256,uint256) and TransferBatch(address,address,address,uint256[],uint256[]) which lets the contract transfer multiple tokens at once to a single recipient. This causes us some trouble since we want one row per transfer in our database, so we’ll need some extra SQL logic in our pipeline to deal with this. To mitigate this complexity we have created two different transforms, each dealing with Single and Batch transfers separately. We then aggregate both tables into a single view using a third transform.

Let’s now see all these concepts applied in an example pipeline definition:

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Pipeline Definition

scroll-erc1155-transfers.yaml
sources:
  - type: dataset
    referenceName: scroll_mainnet.raw_logs
    version: 1.0.0
transforms:
  - referenceName: scroll_decoded
    type: sql
    primaryKey: id
    # Fetch the ABI from scrollscan for Rubyscore_Scroll token
    sql: >
      SELECT
        *,
        _gs_evm_decode(
            _gs_fetch_abi('https://api.scrollscan.com/api?module=contract&action=getabi&address=0xdc3d8318fbaec2de49281843f5bba22e78338146', 'etherscan'),
            `topics`,
            `data`
        ) AS `decoded`
        FROM scroll_mainnet.raw_logs

  - referenceName: scroll_clean
    primaryKey: id
    type: sql
    # Clean up the previous transform, unnest the values from the `decoded` object
    sql: >
      SELECT
        *,
        decoded.event_params AS `event_params`,
        decoded.event_signature AS `event_name`
        FROM scroll_decoded
        WHERE decoded IS NOT NULL

  - referenceName: erc1155_transfer_single
    primaryKey: id
    type: sql
    sql: >
      SELECT
        id,
        lower(address) AS contract_address,
        lower(event_params[2]) AS sender,
        lower(event_params[3]) AS recipient,
        COALESCE(TRY_CAST(event_params[4] AS NUMERIC), -999) AS token_id,
        COALESCE(TRY_CAST(event_params[5] AS NUMERIC), -999) AS amount,
        block_number,
        block_hash,
        log_index,
        transaction_hash,
        transaction_index
        FROM scroll_clean WHERE topics LIKE '0xc3d58168c5ae7397731d063d5bbf3d657854427343f4c083240f7aacaa2d0f62%'
  
  - referenceName: erc1155_transfer_batch
    primaryKey: id
    type: sql
    sql: >
      WITH transfer_batch_logs AS (
        SELECT
          *,
          _gs_split_string_by(
            REPLACE(TRIM(LEADING '[' FROM TRIM(TRAILING ']' FROM event_params[4])), ',', ' ')
          ) AS token_ids,
          _gs_split_string_by(
            REPLACE(TRIM(LEADING '[' FROM TRIM(TRAILING ']' FROM event_params[5])), ',', ' ')
          ) AS amounts
        FROM
          scroll_clean
        WHERE topics LIKE '0x4a39dc06d4c0dbc64b70af90fd698a233a518aa5d07e595d983b8c0526c8f7fb%'
        )
      SELECT
        id || '_' || CAST(t.idx AS STRING) AS `id`,
        lower(address) AS contract_address,
        lower(event_params[2]) AS sender,
        lower(event_params[3]) AS recipient,
        CAST(token_ids[t.idx] AS NUMERIC(78)) as token_id,
        CAST(amounts[t.idx] AS NUMERIC(78)) as amount,
        block_number,
        block_hash,
        log_index,
        transaction_hash,
        transaction_index
        FROM transfer_batch_logs
          CROSS JOIN UNNEST(
            CAST(
              _gs_generate_series(
                CAST(1 AS BIGINT),
                CAST(COALESCE(CARDINALITY(token_ids), 0) AS BIGINT)
            ) AS ARRAY<INTEGER>
          )
          ) AS t (idx)

  - type: sql
    referenceName: scroll_1155_transfers
    primaryKey: id
    sql: >
      SELECT * FROM erc1155_transfer_single
      UNION ALL
      SELECT * FROM erc1155_transfer_batch WHERE amount > 0

sinks:
  - type: postgres
    table: erc1155_transfers
    schema: mirror
    secretName: <YOUR_SECRET>
    description: Postgres sink for ERC1155 transfers
    referenceName: scroll_1155_sink
    sourceStreamName: scroll_1155_transfers

If you copy and use this configuration file, make sure to update:

  1. Your secretName. If you already created a secret, you can find it via the CLI command goldsky secret list.
  2. The schema and table you want the data written to, by default it writes to mirror.erc1155_transfers.

There are 5 transforms in this pipeline definition which we’ll explain how they work. We’ll start from the top:

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Decoding Transforms

Transform: scroll_decoded 
SELECT
  *,
  _gs_evm_decode(
      _gs_fetch_abi('https://api.scrollscan.com/api?module=contract&action=getabi&address=0xc7d86908ccf644db7c69437d5852cedbc1ad3f69', 'etherscan'),
      `topics`,
      `data`
  ) AS `decoded`
  FROM scroll_mainnet.raw_logs

As explained in the Decoding Contract Events guide we first make use of the _gs_fetch_abi function to get the ABI from Scrollscan and pass it as first argument to the function _gs_evm_decode to decode its topics and data. We store the result in a decoded ROW which we unnest on the next transform.

Transform: scroll_clean 
SELECT
  *,
  decoded.event_params AS `event_params`,
  decoded.event_signature AS `event_name`
  FROM scroll_decoded
  WHERE decoded IS NOT NULL

In this second transform, we take the event_params and event_signature from the result of the decoding. We then filter the query on decoded IS NOT NULL to leave out potential null results from the decoder.

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SingleTransfer Transform

Transform: erc1155_transfer_single
SELECT
  id,
  lower(address) AS contract_address,
  lower(event_params[2]) AS sender,
  lower(event_params[3]) AS recipient,
  COALESCE(TRY_CAST(event_params[4] AS NUMERIC), -999) AS token_id,
  COALESCE(TRY_CAST(event_params[5] AS NUMERIC), -999) AS amount,
  block_number,
  block_hash,
  log_index,
  transaction_hash,
  transaction_index
  FROM scroll_clean WHERE topics LIKE '0xc3d58168c5ae7397731d063d5bbf3d657854427343f4c083240f7aacaa2d0f62%'

In this transform we focus on SingleTransfer events.

Similar to the ERC-721 example, we use event_params we pull out the sender, recipient and token ID, note the indexes we use are different since ERC-1155 tokens have a different event_signature.

COALESCE(TRY_CAST(event_params[4] AS NUMERIC), -999) AS token_id,
COALESCE(TRY_CAST(event_params[5] AS NUMERIC), -999) AS amount,
  1. event_params[4] is the fourth element of the event_params array, and for ERC-1155 this is the token ID.
  2. TRY_CAST(event_params[4] AS NUMERIC) is casting the string element event_params[4] to NUMERIC - token IDs can be as large as an unsigned 256 bit integer, so make sure your database can handle that, if not, you can cast it to a different data type that your sink can handle. We use TRY_CAST because it will prevent the pipeline from failing in case the cast fails returning a NULL value instead.
  3. COALESCE(TRY_CAST(event_params[4] AS NUMERIC), -999): COALESCE can take an arbitrary number of arguments and returns the first non-NULL value. Since TRY_CAST can return a NULL we’re returning -999 in case it does. This isn’t strictly necessary but is useful to do in case you want to find offending values that were unable to be cast.

We repeat this process for event_params[5] which represents the amount of a token.

AND raw_log.topics LIKE '0xc3d58168c5ae7397731d063d5bbf3d657854427343f4c083240f7aacaa2d0f62%'

We filter for a specific topic to get ERC-1155 single transfers, the above topic is for the event_signature TransferSingle(address,address,address,uint256,uint256). As with ERC-721, we could use the event signature as a filter instead.

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BatchTransfers Transform

Now, let’s look at the BatchTransfer events:

erc1155_transfer_single (subquery)
WITH transfer_batch_logs AS (
    SELECT
      *,
      _gs_split_string_by(
        REPLACE(TRIM(LEADING '[' FROM TRIM(TRAILING ']' FROM event_params[4])), ',', ' ')
      ) AS token_ids,
      _gs_split_string_by(
        REPLACE(TRIM(LEADING '[' FROM TRIM(TRAILING ']' FROM event_params[5])), ',', ' ')
      ) AS amounts
    FROM
      ethereum.decoded_logs
    WHERE scroll_clean LIKE '0x4a39dc06d4c0dbc64b70af90fd698a233a518aa5d07e595d983b8c0526c8f7fb%'
    )

The first thing we want to achieve is to decompose the string representation of tokens and their respective amounts into separate rows that we can add as columns to each transaction. This will allow us to index on tokenId-amount pairs much more easily as a second step.

This is the trickiest part of the transformation and involves some functionality that is niche to both Goldsky and Flink v1.17. We’ll start from the inside and work our way out again.

  1. TRIM(LEADING '[' FROM TRIM(TRAILING ']' FROM event_params[4])): Similar to the ERC-721 example, we use event_params to access the token_id information. For ERC-1155, the string for batch transfers in element 4 looks like this when decoded: [1 2 3 4 5 6]. We need to trim the leading and trailing [ and ] characters before splitting it out into individual token IDs.
  2. _gs_split_string_by(...): This is a Goldsky UDF which splits strings by the space character only. If you need to split by another character, for now you can use REGEXP_REPLACE(column, ',', ' ') to replace commas with spaces.
  3. CROSS JOIN UNNEST ... AS token_ids (token_id): This works like UNNEST in most other SQL dialects, but is a special case in Flink. It may be confusing that we have two separate CROSS JOINs, but they don’t work like CROSS JOIN in other SQL dialects, we’ll get a single row with a token_id and token_value that map correctly to each other.

Lastly, we filter on topic:

raw_log.topics LIKE '0x4a39dc06d4c0dbc64b70af90fd698a233a518aa5d07e595d983b8c0526c8f7fb%'

This is the same as the other topic filters but it is using the topic hash of the batch transfer event signature.

Next, onto creating an index for each tokenId - amount pair:

erc1155_transfer_single (time series)
FROM transfer_batch_logs
    CROSS JOIN UNNEST(
      CAST(
        _gs_generate_series(
          CAST(1 AS BIGINT),
          CAST(COALESCE(CARDINALITY(token_ids), 0) AS BIGINT)
      ) AS ARRAY<INTEGER>
    ) 
    ) AS t (idx)

In this step we generate a series of indexes that we can use to access each individual tokenId - amount pair within a transfer. We do this by definining a Goldsky UDF called _gs_generate_series which will generate an array of indexes for as many tokens there are in the batch. We combine this indexes with our existing table and use to access each token - amount pair:

CAST(token_ids[t.idx] AS NUMERIC(78)) as token_id,
CAST(amounts[t.idx] AS NUMERIC(78)) as amount,

We also use this logic to generate the resulting ID Primary Key for batch transfers:

id || '_' || CAST(t.idx AS STRING) AS `id`

The id coming from the source represents an entire batch transfer event, which can contain multiple tokens, so we concatenate the token_id to the id to make the unnested rows unique.

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Combining Single and Batch Transfers

scroll_1155_transfers
SELECT * FROM erc1155_transfer_single
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM erc1155_transfer_batch
WHERE amount > 0

This final directive in the third transform creates a combined stream of all single transfers and batch transfers.

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Deploying the pipeline

Our last step is to deploy this pipeline and start sinking ERC-1155 transfer data into our database. Assuming we are using the same file name for the pipeline configuration as in this example, we can use the CLI pipeline create command like this:

goldsky pipeline create scroll-erc1155-transfers --definition-path scroll-erc1155-transfers.yaml

After some time, you should see the pipeline start streaming Transfer data into your sink.

Remember that you can always speed up the streaming process by updating the resourceSize of the pipeline

Here’s an example transfer record from our sink:

idcontract_addresssenderrecipienttoken_idevent_nameblock_numberblock_hashlog_indextransaction_hashtransaction_index
log_0x360fcd6ca8c684039c45642d748735645fac639099d8a89ec57ad2b274407c25_70x7de37842bcf314c83afe83a8dab87f85ca3a2cee0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000x16f6aff7a2d84b802b2ddf0f0aed49033b69f4f9611056510x360fcd6ca8c684039c45642d748735645fac639099d8a89ec57ad2b274407c2570x5907ba72e32434938f45539b2792e4eacf0d141db7c4c101e207c1fb26c992745

We can find this transaction in Scrollscan. We see that it corresponds to a mint of 60 tokens:

This concludes our successful deployment of a Mirror pipeline streaming ERC-1155 Tokens from Scroll chain into our database using inline decoders. Congrats! 🎉

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ERC-1155 Transfers using decoded datasets

As explained in the Introduction, Goldsky provides decoded datasets for Raw Logs and Raw Traces for a number of different chains. You can check this list to see if the chain you are interested in has these decoded datasets. In these cases, there is no need for us to run Decoding Transform Functions as the dataset itself will already contain the event signature and event params decoded.

Click on the button below to see an example pipeline definition for streaming ERC-1155 tokens on the Ethereum chain using the decoded_logs dataset.

You can appreciate that it’s pretty similar to the inline decoding pipeline method but here we simply create a transform which does the filtering based on the raw_log.topics just as we did on the previous method.

Assuming we are using the same filename for the pipeline configuration as in this example we can deploy this pipeline with the CLI pipeline create command:

goldsky pipeline create ethereum-erc1155-transfers --definition-path ethereum-decoded-logs-erc1155-transfers.yaml

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Conclusion

In this guide, we have learnt how Mirror simplifies streaming ERC-1155 Transfer events into your database.

We have deep dived into the standard decoding method using Decoding Transform Functions, implementing an example on Scroll chain. We have also looked into an example implementation using the decoded_logs dataset for Ethereum. Both are great decoding methods and depending on your use case and dataset availability you might prefer one over the other.

With Mirror, developers gain flexibility and efficiency in integrating blockchain data, opening up new possibilities for applications and insights. Experience the transformative power of Mirror today and redefine your approach to blockchain data integration.

Can't find what you're looking for? Reach out to us at support@goldsky.com for help.

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